Types of Research
88
BASIC RESEARCH
Continued from: Method of Business Research
Research can be classified by purpose or by method. If we categorise it by purpose, it would fall into two major categories: Basic Research and Applied Research, while in case of method, it would be deductive research and inductive research.
BASIC RESEARCH
Also called Pure or fundamental Research, it is undertaken for increase in knowledge. There is no direct benefit as it is a research for the sake of research. It is conducted to satisfy any curiosity such as: (a) what makes things happen, (b) why society changes and (c) why social relations are in a certain way. In fact, it is the source of most new theories, principles and ideas. Basic research rarely helps anyone directly. It only stimulates new ways of thinking. The main motivation is to expand man's knowledge. There is absolutely no commercial value to the discoveries resulting from such research.
However, in the long run, it forms the basis of applied research or development commercial products. If basic work is done first, then applied spin-offs often eventually result from this research. As Dr. George Smoot of LBNL says, "People cannot foresee the future well enough to predict what's going to develop from basic research. If we only did "applied research", we would still be making better spears."
To sum up, basic research is purely theoretical to increase our understanding of certain phenomena or behavior but does not seek to solve any existing problem.
APPLIED RESEARACH
Applied research
It is use of basic research or past theories, knowledge and methods for solving an existing problem. It deals with practical problems. It is opposed to pure research which is not problem-oriented but for the increase in knowledge which may or may not be used in future.
In the present world situation, more emphasis is being given to applied research to solve problems arising out of overpopulation and scarcity of natural resources.
Applied research should not be treated the same as Research & Development (R&D) which is involved in developing products demanded by the existing clients. Applied Research, on the other hand, focuses on uncovering what needs are not being met and use that information in designing products or services that would create their own demand. Thus, applied research brings in new customers and also provides better products and services to the existing customers. In old days, the mobile phone was expensive, bulky and had a short range. Applied Research foresaw that this product would have a limited market and stressed on cost-cutting, reduced weight and long-distance communication. Such measures caused a heavy demand.
METHODS or APPROACHES
In research, conclusions are based two methods known as the deduction and induction. Both are widely used in research projects. This helps the researchers to understand, explain, or predict business phenomena.
Deduction follows an approach which is “top-down” or “from general to specific.” On the other hand, induction is “bottom-up” in nature or from specific to general. In deduction, we start from a theory and try to prove it right with the help of available information. In induction, we observe some happening, deduct a pattern and draw conclusion.
EXAMPLE OF DEDUCTION
- All men are mortal. (General and no specific to one man)
- Socrates is a man
- (Therefore,) Socrates is mortal ( specific)
EXAMPLE OF INDUCTION
This ice is cold. (Specific, based on a direct observation.)
All ice is cold. (General, can be applied to any ice)
Take another example: 3 + 5 = 8 and eight is an even number. Therefore, an odd number added to another odd number will result in an even number.
EXAMPLE OF BOTH DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION
1 You push the light switch and find no light
2 You ask the question, Why no light? (induction)
3 You infer a conclusion (hypotheses) to answer the question and explain the fact that the bulb is burned out. (deduction)
4 You use this hypothesis to conclude (deduce) that the light will not go on when we push the switch. We know from experience that burned-out bulb will not light.
DEDUCTIVE METHOD
Like Sherlock Holmes, the starting point is a given situation and moving to a specific conclusion. All relevant information is assembled, studies to solve the mystery. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, described deduction as "drawing conclusions by applying rules or principles; logically moving from a general rule or principle to a specific solution". It is the process of reaching a conclusion that is guaranteed to follow, if the evidence provided is true and the reasoning used to reach the conclusion is correct.
An investigator is distracted with the noise and thinks that “noise adversely affects mental problem solving.” It can be turned into a research question like “would it be more conducive to solve mental puzzle when there is no noise.”
In order to test it, two puzzles are given to the same group, one in noise-less conditions and other in a blaring noise. If the results of test conducted under noisy-enironment are poor it can be deduced or concluded that controlling the aversive noise is helpful in solving mental puzzles. (Someone may say “why research, it is apparent?” It is logical to say it but it had been previously proved and awareness has been created of the noise pollution. In fact, noise can be measure in term of decibel (dB) and by research, it has been established how much noise is tolerable under what conditions. Zero dB describes perfect silence while 140 dB would reflect a gunshot.
In deductive method, the premises (basis or evidence) provide a guarantee of the true conclusion. Consider the following example:
1. There are 32 books on the top-shelf of the book case,
2. There are 12 books on the lower-shelf of the book case.
3. There are no books anywhere on the bookcase
From the above, it can be concluded there are 44 books in the bookcase.
INDUCTIVE METHOD
Also known as Inductive reasoning or logic, this methods involves moving from a specific situation to a general conclusion This is a way of “theory-building”, whereby “specific facts are used to create a theory that explains relationships between the facts and allows prediction of future knowledge”. This method is more open-ended and exploratory. This does not give 100% guarantee of truth but probability of being true.
Here is an example:
1. Socrates was Greek. (premise)
2. Most Greeks eat fish. (premise)
3. Socrates ate fish. (conclusion)
While the premises were true, it is possible that conclusion was false. Maybe Socrates was allergic to fish, for example. It can be said that inductive approach is weaker than deductive approach as there is possibility of arriving at false conclusion. However, it is not entirely true.
Conclusion
This hub states categories of research. If one wants to classify the research by purpose, it would be basic research and applied research. While basic research is done for the sake of gaining knowledge or exploration or invention, the applied research uses the knowledge gained through basic research for solving problem. While discovery of laser was through basic research, its subsequent use in remote-control pointer or surgery is a result of applied research.
Another classification is deductive research and inductive research. In deduction, we move from general to specific while in induction, it is the other way round. Both methods are used in research.
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Thanks Peter Dickinson for your comments.
Very informative article sir , sir add some Research software knowledge that will assist in application side.Like SPSS software.
Allah tala give you more knowledge.
Thanks sir
Thanks Kashan Pirzada. It is just a beginning. SPSS would be discussed at analytical stage.
Dear Sir,
Methods and Approaches are explained splendidly.
This HUB is one of it's kind...
Thanks a MILLION!
RUFI SHAHZADA
Thanks Rufi.
Still need a perfect definition
Definition is given in the first hub, methods of business research.
hafeezrm...
I am not a scientist nor a researcher; however, this information has been quite useful to me for future research, it does simplify and focus things into manageable data and its variables.
Thumbs up! Thanks for sharing, Sir!
warmest regards and blessings,
Al
great lecture.very informative.easy to understand and learn.
Thanks Al and Kamran for your comments.
very usefull information for me.helping me in completing my research
Developmental research is a third type and not to be overlooked as a commercial effort. A hypothesis derived by a student applicable to a new area of study as a for instance.
This needs to be removed: "There is absolutely no commercial value to the discoveries resulting from such research. " Everytime a firm hires a new manager that increases return on equity the orginization has likely seen a commercial value from that employee's prior basic research (learning through academia or experience).
Under "methods or approaches" I would have included two quick paragraphs on quantitative and qualitative research as methods or approaches.
Then under reasoning, you may wish to add a section for the third type of reasonsing: abductive.
Thanks @harianto152 and Hank for your comments. Of course research is a wide subjective and there are many types or branches.
That was very informative and was of great help! Thank you sir!
This is a concise Hub that can be easily understood. I printed it for my 7th grader to read. Thanks!
It is very important for researchers. I got alot from ur writing and I expect you in another topic. Thank you men!
thx alot sir this information is very usefull for everybody. :)
this hub and your writing is really very fruitful sir, being and faculty and research scholar this is really proved a helping and supporting guidance for me.
thanks a ton
divya
Thanks Archana, Wildlris, Marshet, Aleem and divya for your nice comments.
Respected Sir
I am an MBA student from India and tis article was of great help.It is delightful that knoledge knows no boundaries.
Warm Regards
Nidhi Mahajan
Thanks Nidhi Mahajan for your comments. In fact, I teach in a business university subjects like Project Management, Managerial Accounting, Methods of Business Research etc. Please pass on this information to your fellow students. Also please ask any question.
thank u Sir, I hope i can use this for my coming exam
Sir, is there 3 basic types of research?
Thanks Clyde Lanzarrote for visiting my hub. Basic is a very wide term and may include many branches such as basic bio-medical research or basic agricultural research etc. etc.
However, in my opinion, there are no well-established sub-divisions of basic research.
Dear Sir ,
nice information ..sir i am doing m.b.a. and want to pursue my career in research ,..please suggest me that which area should i enhance my knowledg...thank you sir my id is isha.prabhatam@gmail.com
it's useful.thank you.
sir,this research is more infermative.
thank you sir.
my kind request:please add some extra web sites.
It is very important for researchers.I can use this for my exam also.
such a fine article to describe the topic in comprehensive ways.....thank you.
simplest and most informative article...great one....
thanx sir , you article really enhance my knowledge for research prpose
thank you sir !
I am a Science teacher for 21 years and soon to graduate my MSRM , fixed my continous learning on books , i have my very personal reason not to go with ONLINE researching often. But as i go over the pages of your site i really find it as " filled with nutient rich substances " for improvement and further studies.
CONGRATS...
u r vry god rechr ......... and i proud these rech.
NOW I HAV CLEAR IDEA ABOUT INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE METHOD OF RESEARCH. GOOD EXAMPLE YOU HAVE GIVEN. THANK U
Perhaps you may not recall me, I am currently taking your MBR class in Bahria :)
This was without a doubt informative but I should add here that it is also very easily comprehendable.
Thank you :)
thanks for sharing such information
these are very good images.
thank u sir
it was very useful for my mba assignment.thanks for this article
rocking and informative.
action research is applied research or not?
Of course, action research is an applied research.
its quiet helpful thanks a lot sir !
ur methods and approach are true.its very useful for M B A all students .
thanx but still need proper methods & definition
Thanks for for providing accurate knowledge about induction and deduction with illustration.
thank u sir...quite esay to understant...
Research is nothing but deep knowledge of a particular topic.
thnks for providing accurate knowlage about induction and deduction with illustration .its quite easy and under stand i hope y will still need proper methods and defination thank u
this article is very informative, very thanksful to u sir
tnx for your great difinition of the types of research
sir, you explain very well and it is very easy for understand
thank you very mutch
THANKS SIR
I M DOING MBA 4M INDIA....
THE INFO. IS VERY GOOD AND AWESOME AND VERY INFORMATIVE
KEEP IT UP SIR JI
what a nice explaination...
I would like to thank you sir for this valuable info.
it is so simple that anybody will understand.
Perfect info here.Thank you.
I am a student of MBA.I found this article very informative.Although I am a Civil Engineer,doing MBA as a private student of Bannu University Of Science and Technology Bannu.Thanks Sir for providing useful informative material.
I really glad to this article...because I was really in trouble.thanks a lot.
how great are you?wonderful ............thanks very much for the article.
Is there are only two types of research,what about experimental research
Deductive and Inductive are two broad categories. Experiments fall under inductive method i.e. from specific to general. One observes a specific situation during experiment and than forms a theory.
its not good-------
Thanks Sir! i'm student of MS & your pages are quite helpful in research process. I'm hopeful to be helped by you in coming days. I would be thankful to you.
Regards
Addition to last comment:
You didn't discuss about other types of reseach as Correlational, regressional, descriptive etc.
Dear Sid, Correlation and regression is not a research but analytial tool. Kindly go to this hub:
some really usefull iformation you got,it really helped alot.Thanks alot..
It is really informative, being a market research student i am aleays looking for such information.
thans sir for providing such information, hope that in future you will continue such type of practices.
Thank You !
It was really help ful :)
Thanks Paige, Kousar and Kirn for your comments.
I LOVE THIS PIECE, IN FACT, I WAS GIVEN A TASK TO READ MORE ON RESEARCH AND GOT VERY USEFUL FACTS FROM YOUR WORK. THANKS FOR YOUR SHARED KNOWLEDGE.
thank you i learn a lot about research.
Thanks Iscca Ofori and Reben Solomon for your comments
nice stuff
rose
thanks it is very useful information for me.
Thanks Rose and Ali Imran for your comments.
Respected Sir
I am an MBA student from India and its article was of great help.It is delightful that knowledge knows no boundaries.
Warm Regards
Hetendra Raghav
plz tell me about ......objectives of research.....
There are five major objectives of research:(i)description, (ii)explanation, (iii)forecasting, (iv) control and (v)modelling.
In description, we cover exploration and in explnation, we cover cause and effect or hypothesis testing. In forecasting, we predict future and in control, we compare the future as predicted and actual happening. Modelling is a technique which allows a researcher to create real-life situations based on certain assumptions and see it behavior in changing conditions.
this information is so much helping especially when you are about to sit for an examination on research for the next 2 weeks. Thats my case and really appreciate your work.
This was so useful! Thanks!
thxs sir realy welldone
i like this web, It help on my research ins. subject! I learned this Lesson on grade 3, but originally it is for high schoolz.
thank you sharing your knowledge sir
i love those definition
i can easily understand even im not in English.
thank you for sharing your knowledge sir
i love those definition
i can easily understand even im not in English.
Thank you very much sir for spending your precious time with us... the topic are helpful and very knowledgable. i wish for your success and prayers. thanks
am doing a masters in comparative social work and what could be the areas of research but thumbs up for your information
thank you sir, for sharing your precious definition of research i've learned a lot...i hope
thanks.... a lot sir for your information it's very helpful...thanks..
Clear and direct forward, Stay blessed Sir.
thanks sir..it's been very useful...thanks for the informations...it helped a lot....
This is great, so explicit. Thank you for your time and effort.
im not satisfied with your answers guys it has lacks
aah de answers you provide do not have that weigh and quality pliz try to improve...but thanx for the support you give us.Am a motswana young lady pursuing a 4year tourism management programme and currently duin reasearch.
aah de answers you provide do not have that weigh and quality pliz try to improve...but thanx for the support you give us.Am a motswana young lady pursuing a 4year tourism management programme and currently duin reasearch.
thanks sir ur write up i just benefited from,it realy helped me with my assignment.i wish to see more of u.
Thanks, that you have added cure information, but you have not added all types of research. that should also be added for the benifits
I took my masters and some doctoral units including research subjects but its only now that i clearly understood the real meaning and difference of basic and applied research as well as the between inductive and deductive methods of research. Thumbs up !!! You cleared the gray areas in my mind. Thank you and GOD bless.
thanks sir,
it is very useful information for me to understand the research knwoldge, i am doing MS that is helpful material .
Thank U Sir. For The Types Of Research, Objectives, And Purpose. Is Wonderful. I Have A Text Book For Research But It Is Not Well Explained. God Bless U. Plz Sir Kindly Discuss The Stages Of A Survey Research.
Thanks Ella for your comments. Please go to first hub on research and you would find all stages of research. The link is:
the classification is very easy.its understandable. thak you
Thanks Zahid for your comments.
Dear sir, infact,ur in very deep wth th matter concern.Congrat's.let me invite some Tanzanian's geography authors to eat some parts esp.i think they 'r cheatg on"th types of research"thanks n be blessed
Thanks @Godwishes Stanslaus for your comments. I was recently in Tanzania and went to DAR, Zanzibar, Capital City, Mwazna, Arusha and Kili base.
Thank you so much for taking the time to write such a great and informative article! I am writing a paper for my MBA class and will definitely use this as reference! Thanks again!
You are welcome. Thanks for your comments.
bad way
@Kebed - what is bad?
Nice work ..........i really appreciate it.
Thanks Mubarik Hussain Bukhari for your encouraging comments.
hi sir what kind of research is point of sales?? in merchandize?
thank u sir..
Many large shops keep digital machines or optical sale-recorder to record name of items sold and their prices for each customer. Some shops ask their customer to avail discounts by becoming members of the shop like ChenOne in Karachi Pakistan. Such shops analyze figures to find out customer preference, quantum of order, trends and composition. These help the store in keeping reasonable quantity of goods in stock which are in demand.
Thanks Marilyn for your comments. The point raised by you has been answered in the previous comments
Thank Haniff for your comments.
This have been very helpul to me and everyone who is reading your stuff.
Let wait for another topic so that you give a hand in it.
Many thanks
Thank Ukong0 Martin for your comments. I have uploaded more than 100 hubs. You may have a look at them and select according to your requirements.
Where is types of business research?
Dear Abdullah,
Research is a wide subject which includes all fields such as business, defense and legal. But its basic methodology is the same for all these areas. Basic versus applied research are two types which are used for all type of research be it business or else. In fact, the series of articles are on business research and it is implied that when I say research, I mean business research and not anything else like medical research.
RESPECTED SIR,ITS REALLY HELPFUL 4 ME .I RECENTLY START MY M.PHIL N RESEARCH ALSO .I WAS SCARED ABOUT RESEARCH BUT IT HELPS ME A LOT..........STAY BLASSED SIR.
Thanks Tabinda Shabnum for your nice comments.
Everything is given in such a systematic way that i understood it so well. i always thought research a very difficult subject but this helped me lot.Thanks
Thanks Aza for your comments.
respected sir, i am a final yar student of pharmacy. i want to make a reserach plz sir guide me and send me some instruction , for sake of Allah guide,Allah make u happy,plz, my mobile nomber is 0346 9398113
Thank you Sir for answering me but Sir in class my teacher discuss some types of Business research like Exploratory,Descriptive,Causal,Productive,and Evaluative Research and i am very Confuse between Them ,Kindly Sir help me to understand these terms.
Terms like Exploratory, Descriptive, Causal are part of Research Design. Please go to :
Dear Ikramul Haq,
I am sorry, I am unable to help you in conducting research in pharmacy.
dear sir i am student of business economics.In my college my teacher give me a assignment on "research".so sir please,I know you can help me....please
Dear Manoj Dhaker
In what way you want my help?
Please i need your help on the types of research methods we have.thank you
Bryan Peters,
You are most welcome.
I gt very useful information ............really clear concepts abt research and its method......
Hafeezrm---Am new to hubpage and would like to go into researches and you have uncovered all i needed to get started.
Its great, well oriented and informative
Thanks @youngbesttips for your nice comments.
Hello sir
HELLO DEAR.
Good ideas sir, keep it up!am studying bachelor of sociology, at the University of Dodoma In Tanzania,hope ur ideas are so useful, plz,help me to differentiate btn quantitative and qualitative research. With regards, Caroline
Thanks Caroline Njiro for your comments. I have been to Dodoma which is rather a quiet city compared to Dar, Mwanza and Arusha. Please go through my travel tale at http://hafeezrm.hubpages.com/slide/Footloose-in-Ea
Qualitative research is in words not in numbers. It is used to reveal people behavior and perceptions. Eventually, it is quantified if observations are in large number.
You may like to go to this link for a detailed description: http://www.qsrinternational.com/what-is-qualitativ
Hi, I would like to use some of your information from the article above in my research paper. may i know if it is published and if so when. if it is not yet published. may i have hte date of posting in on the website.
the information is precise and simplified.
Dear Thekiso,
This article was published on 22nd January, 2010. It has not been published anywhere else.
As per policy of hubpages, the articles published on their sites cannot appear in other places.
Ok! how Stupid
Thank you sir!
because,now I already answer my assignment_"_-
many people can use your article for there research"!
:)
my God Blessed you always!!!!!
what are the types of research and it's description? please do help. :)
am so sorry but this cite doesn't really give what i wanted
@nich ho ulay - this hub is about types of research.
@John Terry, have you written me before? What is your question?
sir,it is a nice article and contain all necessary data that i need for my assignment.thank you
nice work sir, bravo!
Thanks Abeeha for your comments.
nice work sir,keep it up
Thanks Vera for your comments.
not helpful
Thanks Majorie apacible for visiting page. How can I help you?
useful information thank you..................
Thanks Habeeb for your comments.
sir thankyou for the infos but do you have some characteristics of a good research problem? and major parts of a research? if so i would like to ask to about the problems. (research problems) types maybe. thanks again and Godbless
You are welcome to ask any question, Xie.
Need to know about research, I am new to this, but as a unknown reader of your work, I want to learn from A to Z of research, if you could help me? I want to apply research in monitoring programmes of NGO Thanks and regards
Dear Aman,
I have uploaded many articles on Research. You may start from the first one:
Nice work done. pretty simple and understandable to. thanks
Thanks Yasir Aftab for your comments
infomation are very usefull but this site does not realy give what i wanted
True. One site cannot contain all.
i appreciate it.very informative!thanks a lot!but i have a question,why practical research is not included as the third kinds of research?can you explain me please...
Dear Dianne Jay Asilom
Research is wide subject. I have just used some basic terms. Some say that third type of research involves large scale field study. This has been described in another hub:
http://hafeezrm.hubpages.com/hub/Research-Design
Please go through it and give your comments.
Tell more about Ex post research !
Ex post facto research, as the name implies, examines the secondary data and finds out correlation, if any, between the independent variables and dependant variables.
Since it is based on secondary data, there can be no interference or manipulation as is the case in experimental research.
This is the same as descriptive research explained in:
Respected Sir hope that you will be fine thanks for our guidence
It is excellent.
Continue with examples of other research types and methods which is useful for paper presenters, writers, academicians and so on.
Keep it up.
Thanks Shekhara Gowd Mitta for your kind comments.
I appreciate your work sir but i would like you to explain to me about the Descriptive study,evaluation studies and action research as the types of social sciences research please.
well,these article help me out!
thankss
Thanks Minerva for your comments.
GREAT,SUCH A WONDERFUL ARTICLE
BUT SIR HOW ABOUT QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ARE BELONG TO WHICH CATEGORY OF RESEARCH
Thanks @Aquee UD SM for reading my article.
Every category of research is based on facts and figures which may be quantitative and qualitative.
Nice work sir ggg hor sunao kida???
Thank you, Mr. Hafeezm
Thanks @Monu and @NNazir for your comments.
sir nice work
according to me plz sir u can publish a book plz ur book is very helpful for students because ur laguage is so easy to understand plz sir
Thanks Manpreet Kaur for your comments.
thanx sir it is great effort by you people from whom we are getting knowledge.......
Thanks Khawar Farooq.
vadia explain kita sir tussi
thanks for this suh
Thanks Guddi Punjaban and Wad Alhj for your comments.
i av just started my M.Sc. and i found this ur write up highly useful.thanks alot.kemkol 4rm NIGERIA
Thanks Kemkom for your comments. I have taught at Lagos for some time. Very hectic city. Nice people.
Assalam o alikum
it is very helpful material; thanks a lot; I m student of Mphil in IR, living in Karachi.
Thanks
Thanks Shoaib for your comments.
IT IS VERY HELPFUL TO STUDY THANK YOU SIR.
Very useful hub! thanks @hafeezrm
Thanks @adeleblanc for your comments
Thanks Kahkashan Rizvi for your comments.
thx sir, very informative and easy method
.
Thanks Azhar Hayat for your comments.
DEAR SIR ALOT OF THANKS
ITS VERY INFORMATIVE
Thanks Hussain for your commends
thanks much sir is good idear to me.
Thanks @godson for your comments.
This is Very very nice information. it will help me in completing my assignment. But sir please tell about the types of research by method.....
Thank Sidra Shah for your comments. Please read my hub http://hafeezrm.hubpages.com/hub/Research-Design for various methods which are primarily observation, survey,experiment (lab and field) and case study.
give me some points about basic research and applied research
Dear Banadi,
Please go through the first two paragraphs and you will find the answer to your question. Basic Research is a pure research just like invention. Applied Research is like innovation.
thanks a lot sir! your information was very informative to. I m doing my 1st M.I.B in Coimbatore city.
Thanks @Mageshwary for your comments. I wish I can see India from one end to another specially your city so famous for wildlife sanctuaries and monuments. So far I had been only to Delhi and that too some 15 years ago.
wow good explainations but shallow ideas no comprehensive and c0ompact phenominals
I am a PhD student. Still I cant choose my topic what can you recommend me. And please elaborate the research types.
Thanks Mr. Abdullah and assefaz79 for reading my article.
Salam..
Thank you for the useful info, mmm may I ask?
Research that try to come with a method to memorize Al-Quran, is it considered applied research?
Thanx in advance..:))
Thanks Nor for going through my article and posting a question.
Seeking improvement in existing methods is research. Japanese have a specific name for it i.e. Kaizen. So finding out a better method for memorizing Quran is research and of course it is applied research.
Thank you Mr Hafezrm
Your answer inspired me..I'm in my endeavour to pursue PhD..InshaAllah..aminn
I pray that you will get all the assistance to continue give us with a great ideas and info..Thanks again..
Thanks Nor for your comments.
plz help me sir.....
difference between fundamental research and applied research....?
@mailendra - first picture or chart contains, inter-alia, purpose of research: (i) Basic and (ii) Applied. Thereafter, the two terms are well explained.
Fundamental research is the same as basic research. It means: first, original, paramount, primary, prime and principal.
On the other hand, applied means adapted, exercised, practiced, related, tested, utilized.
Please go through the first few paras again.
Respected sir kindly guide me how to define variables and how many variables are sufficient. also suggest me how to improve english writing
i am searching for the loss due to piracy of copyrights, please guide me how to collect data in numerical forms
Variable are like factors such as sales and profit. These are defined in a normal way. Profit in accounting is different than profit in economics.
There is no limit to the selection of variable but eventually only key variables or significant variables should be selected and in hypothesis testing, each variable, here called independent variables, should be tested one by one.
There is no record on piracy of copyrights in Pakistan. Consult Internet for other countries and take a clue from their investigation.
Kindly guide me how to improve english
my god!!!where can i find the classification of research? providing a meaning because its my reporting now on my theses....
Thanks Ceasar Ian Valdez for your comments.
I m confused with the types of research. Would you briefly state it. Thank you
Type means: kind, class, category, classification, form or variety.
Thank you so much for your article,good piece of article which i've ever found in internet regarding Business Research,it's all well neatly presented with the examples,very useful.
Thanks Mifras Zain for your comments.
information was very useful....
Thanks for your comments.
this makes n o sence.
@jilyu What is bothering you?
it is easy and understandable, Thanks sir
Thanks for your comments.
Sir,it is Allah that is capable of rewarding you on this problem solving exercise.But my question is how can i relate inductive and deductive method to business studies ? thanks
If you change the business studies to business research, the matter would be clear.
In inductive method, you conduct an experiment or you find a cause and effect relationship. A store was selling mangoes in a pack of two. The store manager was advised to sell them in un-restricted quantities, one, two or three or more. The manager did not agree as he said he has built a market niche. So a researcher was hired who conducted the experiment by opening two stalls one selling mangoes in two-number and other just un-restricted for about a month. Next month, he sold all mangoes in two and still next month only un-restricted quanities. He was able to prove that un-restricted quantities sell more.
There are other experiments through focus groups and panels.
When there is no way of conducting experiment or it looks expensive or risky, literature review the alternative. By having past data conducted by others, one can use logic and arrive at a decision. That is what is called deductive research.
Please go through my article again and you would find the answer.
its been really helpful but its too short., perhaps you could write more
Emelia Ainooson - I have written about 114 hubs. Please go to me profile and select any hub or your interest.
it has been really helpful ti me to get knowledge regarding the types of research thank you so mush.
Thanks Revathi for your comments.
thank u dr. for ur huge&great efforts towards ur students
Thanks AbdulKarim-Yemen for your comments.
It was nt a mistake 2 lay my hands on dis material,U added alot 2 me.God wl increz ur efort.
Thanks Shepherd for your comments.
God bless you;sir,I was looking for TYPES OF RESEARCH ;can not find em anywhere
Dear Amina Oualhaci,
There is an old proverb, perhaps Biblical, “You dig, you find”
Biblical,you mean from the bible!i am MUSLIMA.
I know you are a Muslim because your name is Amina. This is proverb perhaps from Bible.
I am sorry for the misunderstanding created by me.
Thank you,i now know and be able to differentiate between deductive and inductive method of research.
Thanks Morris Ebieme for your comments.
do you have an assistant who replies people's rquests!
No Chaima, it is always a pleasure to personally reply to all queries. Incidentally, this hub has the highest number of questions as many as 250 so far.
sir are you christian!
No Amina I am a Muslim too. Go to my profile and see my full name Hafeez ur Rahman Malik.
thanks 4 ur infn sir..
Thanks Pinky Jaiswal for your comments.
sir thank you for all these information. now I want to knwo some differences between historical and comparative research.
with regards,
Brazesh
Dear Brazesh,
Historical research is sort of literature review or analysis of secondary data from museum collections, library materials, Internet browsing and oral history, folklores and tradition.
Comparative research tries to compare culture or social setup or socio-economic facts of different countries or communities or classes. While historical research is purely based on the past data, in comparative research new information or primary data can be collected but most secondary data is used.
From name, you appear to be from India.
nice info, thankz 4 sharing
Thanks Zain for your comments.
that a good job for us i wish you even elaborate more on these types like quantitative and qualitative reaserch
Thanks Kigozi for your comments. Looks like you are from Uganda or near-about.
MGA LAW-AY KAMU
Thanks a lot Sir,you have made my brain widened from the very clarification on two categories of Human reasoning namely INDUCTIVE and DEDUCTIVE.Am studying at SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE IN MOROGORO-TANZANIA
KEEP IT UP. You are unforgotten
Thanks Yulian F. Mizola for your comments. I had seen your country from one end to another last year. I loved Mwanza and Marangu of all the places.
I thanks for the definition or explanationo of types of research, i have any idea of what they mean now. But i stil need some assistance maybe you will help, I am a fourth year student at the Polytechnic of Namibia, doing Bachelor Degree in Human Resources Managenement, I will like to search for a nice topic in my area of specialisation or study for my reserach topic, but i cant just find one,or rather i dont know what to choose, would you probably be so kind to give me a hint or a list of research topics which can be of useful to carry my research....
I think the topic should be selected by the student after considering, (i) what interest him, (ii) what data is available and (iii) what are expectation of the teacher or institution.
Since you have asked me, I suggest that you may go for
LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS.
You may cover:
1. Introduction.
2. Importance of effective leadership.
3. Concepts of leaders vs. managers.(a)Characteristic of leaders, (b) The role of managers.
4. Transformational leaders vs. transactional managers (a) Transformational leadership style.
(b) Transactional leadership style.
(c) Difference between transactional and transformational approaches.
(d) Leaders are transformational and
managers are transactional.
Please obtain help on the Internet.
sir... i am a student at the polytechnic of Namibia and currently busy with my research methodology...big ups sir.. your piece of work is really useful and very informative..
many blessings upon you!!!
This is very interesting and great work,thanks
Thanks Eva Lisa and Hasanat for your comments.
thanths
You are welcome Aparna.
This is very sophesticated and collaborative. But Sir being a commerce pupil I have a question what is scientific research??? may you define it breifly???
Thanks Junaid Qumbrani for your question.
Two types of research have been described by me: (i) Deductive and (ii) inductive. The latter is a scientific because it observes certain phenomena or event or occurrence. A researcher finds out (a) whether such an event was one-time or just a chance or (2) it was fact, repeatable,verifiable and testable. The No.(2), is all scientific research.
Perhaps you know that all Business Universities describes their program as "Management Sciences" while the subjects are accounting, management, market research and finance.
respected sir u have done a great job and thanks u have solved a great problem of me
Thanks Ihsan Ullah for your nice comments.
Sir,how some one can research without labrary.
There are lot of other sources: Internet, municipal records, publications etc.
very informative, well put, realistic examples. good work
This note gives me a lots of knowledge for me.Simply I want to say THANK YOU SIR!really it is nice.
Thanks Nairobi and Abush Kebede for your comments.
Thank your Sir
i have gain a lot of knowlegde. you are wonderful.
I've found your article very useful in my BA (Ed) course. I'm currently doing a research course. May God Bless for adding something valuable to my understanding.
Thanks Sir.
Thanks Mohammad Jawid and Israel for your comments.
THANK YOU SIR EVEN BEFORE I STARTED TO READ YOUR HUB .I HAVE BEEN GAINING CONFIDENCE THAT I HAVE GOT A GREAT SOURCE TO HELP ME UP STARTING MY RESEARCH.IN MY FACULTY OF BACHELOR OF ARTS WITH EDUCATION I'M A STUDENT OF TUMAINI UNIVERSITY MAKUMIRA WHICH IS PRESENT AT ARUSHA, TANZANIA.SIR YOU ARE WORMLY WELCOME TO OUR UNIVERSITY FOR MORE ASSISTANCE PLEASE COME AND HELP US THOUGH WE ARE VERY POOR AND WE CANT PAY YOU.BUT I BELIEVE GOD WILL BLESS YOU.IF YOU CAN DO THIS PLEASE I KINDLY ASK YOU FOR AN ANSWER.
Thank you Dotto Mosses Nyamkinda for your comments and invitation. I toured Tanzania last year and stayed at Arusha, Moshi and Kilimanjaro in addition to Dar, Zanzibar,Dodoma, Mwazna etc. It was a pleasant tour.
This year, I have plan for West Indies and USA.
Dear i was happy to hear that you have toured Tanzania my question is that what tourist attraction did you find out.please sir metiön just a few
Very useful information to complete my writing.
Thanks !
Thanks Jevry K. Handyman for your comments.
kindly explain these three questions
define research and its types?
What r the research tools and instruments?
D/f b/t qualitative and quantitative research?
MY LECTURER TOLD ME TODAY THAT THERE ARE TWO MAIN TOOLS OF RESEARCH WHICH ARE INTERVIEW AND OBSERVATION.SIR I WAS TRYING TO ANSWER THE QUESTION BY MAra69 minutes ago.MY QUESTION SIR IS THAT MY TEACHER TAUGHT ME THAT SUB BRUNCHES OF APPLIED RESEARCH ARE ACTION RESEARCH,OPERATIONAL RESEARCH AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PLEASE SIR COULD YOU BE SO KIND TO SHOW ME THAT OF YOURS.MY TEACHER /LECTURER ALSO SAID THAT ACCORDING TO METHOD RESEARCH IS CLASSIFIED INTO SURVEY RESEARCH,CASE STUDY RESEARCH,NATURALISTIC RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH IS THIS ALSO TRUE OR FALSE.SO HE MADE ME SO CONFUSED AT FIRST I UNDERSTOOD YOU BUT NOW I'M CONFUSED.PLEASE HELP ME SIR
@MAvra - these questions are basic questions and have been dealt in details in my hub.
@dotto Mosses Main Tool of research are (i) Observation, (ii) In-depth Interviews, (iii) Surveys, (iv) Correlational Analysis, (v) Experiment - field and lab, (vi) Case studies. Go to:
I'm a student from TUMAINI UNIVERSITY MAKUMIRA i just want to say thank you sir for your best answer on dotto's question.Sir my question is how can i identify the application of two research paradigm in educational studies.
In addition to that discuss the strength of merging between qualitative and quantitative research.I ALSO KINDLY ASKING AND WAITING FOR AN ANSWER .
its wonderful investment
@Happiness R. Lyanga
There is an excellent article on the two paradigm ( Positivism and naturalistic inquiry. Please visit:
I really appreciate Sir,the information is quite clear and it makes it easy to understand.thank you
Thanks V.J. Mahembe for your comments.
Thanks V.J. Mahembe for your comments.
Really your work is very nice. You have don very will. Thank you sir,
Please help me Sir, I am student of MS and my research topic is “comparative analysis of conventional and Islamic banking based on consumer satisfaction”. This is what type of research and for this what I will do. Please help me and tell me briefly what to do because I am not know what to do for this.
This is applied research and would involve use of analytical method.
Ask your teacher for the necessary advise.
thank you sir,
can i use questionnaire for the collection of data from customers.
@Muhammad Khan - questionnaire comes under survey. If you want feedback from your customers or want to profile them, use of questionnaire is one of the many methods.
Sir have u any materail on Hallmark of scientific research ????
do tell me?
@Haris Ahmed,
The main distinguishing characteristics of scientific research are:
Purposiveness
Rigor
Testability
Replicability
Precision and Confidence
Objectivity
Generalizability
Parsimony
Please consultant any standard book of Research Methodology for their explanation.
SALAM ALAIKOM sir;could you answer my questions which are: 1-what is the difference between research types,research methods and research methodologies? and,is asking someone who has information considered as a research tool? thank you for the pages and ALLAH bless you
Types are various categories, varieties or forms. Research Methods and research methodologies are the same.
thank you so much for your explanatin and i want to ask you .....how you define the discbtion research and how we can distinguish it from the other types!
No such word as "discbtion". If you mean "Descriptive Research", it just describes data and characteristics about the population or phenomenon being studied. It answers the questions who, what, where, when, "why" and how...
SIR:Am a university student of SEBASTIANI KOLOWA UNIVERSITY OF TUMAINI,FROM TANZANIA. I would like to thanks for your useful Article,it helped me alot in conduct my research course and and research as well.would you help me to clarify the following types research ,DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH AND ANALITICAL RESEARCH, thanx alot, My God give you health mind.
Descriptive Research just describes a situation. It does not provide reasons. As against this, analytical research finds out reasons.
While Descriptive Research attempts to say: “What is?” the analytical research would try to establish “Why, how, when and by whom”.
A researcher can just state quantities and location of sugar cane cultivation in a particular area. So the researcher is describing a sugar-cane zone. When the same researcher goes one step ahead and try to find out reasons for cane-cultivation, increase or decrease compared to last season and motive behind such cultivation, it would be termed as analytical.
Thanks Sir
You made my studies easier.We need great people like you who make the world and its educational complications simple for the poor of the world who would need it most.
Thanks Kiflom for your comments.
I'm sorry sir help me again on the difference between fixed,flexible,qualitative and quantitative research designs.
Goto this link and find all your asked for in your question:
u having a nic work.may i ask please....assume an individual want to understand the customer's response of his/her product in the market.which type of research would you advise and what are the reasons.from Institute of finance management.tanzania
good notes keep it up
I am student in the university of somalia
prof i ask one question that relate research methodology
how many types consist of research methodology?
Thanks Abdullah Farah Makaran for visiting my page. Please to this site for Research Methodology in general:
thanks professor for this piece of good work. my only question is "do these definitions of research that you have given also apply to silviculture or do they only apply to business?" thanks
Research is wide subject and is found in every discipline. Some parts of it are applied to solve business problems and grouped together as "Methods in Business Research". The definitions given above apply to all fields of research.
Thank your, you help me much in my work somehow get want I want about research clasification.
Thanks Isihaka H Kawambikanya for your comments.
Hi,......assume an individual want to understand the customer's response of his/her new product in the market,which type of research would you advise?
Market Survey.
am NICHOLAUS MSOLLA, student of sebastiani kolowa university of Tumaini,(SEKuco) Sir i have the question which says:Research is a form of disciplined inquiry that generates sound knowledge. what attributes of this inquiry and give the process the status of scientific research?. what points will make this question to be answered? My God be with you all over.thanks.
@Nicholaus Msolla
Your question is answered by a hub http://roanna.hubpages.com/hub/What-is-a-good-busi
It was quite informative
Sir now i have been given the task to write the research proposal.And i remember i you advice us that we should deal our research within the topics that we master.I HAVE CHOSEN MY TOPIC FROM HISTORY AS THE DISCIPLINE OF STUDY.I WISH TO EXPLAIN ABOUT WHY PEOPLE INCLUDING SCHOLARS,PHILOSOPHERS AND HISTORIAN PERCEIVE HISTORY TO BE LINEAR THAT IT HAS THE BEGINNING AND IT WILL HAVE AN END WHILE OTHERS SAY HISTORY IS CYCLICAL OR REPEATS IT SELF IN A CYCLE.ON MY CONCLUSION I SUGGEST TO GIVE THE CLEAR ANSWER IF IT IS CYCLICAL OR IT IS LINEAL.PLEASE SIR HELP ME HOW CAN I SET THIS AS A RESEARCH PROPOSAL AND HOW CAN I START MY RESEARCH ON THESE FACTUAL STATEMENTS.
it clear my concept .
Thanks Mayank Pant and Shahzad for your comments.
@Dotto Mosses Nyamkinda. Please go through this article:
http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/comp/cw01c
Collect similar information from other articles and write a descriptive report concluding whether it is linear or cyclical.
Thank u sir. Now. That I have read. Ur article, let me go for an exam.
Thanks alot for the information about research, please sir may you help me on good title in business course
improve your site for better knowledge acces
Thanks Obedi for your advise.
Thanks a lot for good details about research especially business research. please keep updating us about research issues
Thank Constantine for your comments.
I need to understand what research is about, thank u sir
SIR I JUST WANT TO SAY THANK YOU. I AM HAPPY BECAUSE NOW I HAVE THE BETTER UNDERSTANDING ON POSITIVIST AND ANTI - POSITIVIST RESEARCH PARADIGMS.IT WAS AFTER YOU DIRECTED ME TO READ FROM http://www.celt.mmu.ac.uk/research methods/Modules/.And in the module i quoted the phrase which says,``Alongside the presence of these two major paradigms,another trend,which got developed during the post-sixties,gave rise to the third paradigm of research namely the Paradigm of CRITICAL THEORY.Only i failed to understand on the last on i thought there were only two of them.Now sir will you give me a favour to the extent of elaborating more on this so that i can have more better understanding.Because i am afraid if my lecture will ask me a question to mention those forms of research paradigms.If will mention three while he only taught two where will i going to be? I wish to have a prove on the third paradigm in order to prove my answers when he discount me or disvalue my answer.
This is more than a classroom teaching or lectures. I'm quite enlightened. More power to your elbow sir.
Thanks Clinton for your comments.
Peter Dickinson Level 2 Commenter 2 years ago
A fun read. Informatitive too. Thank you.